PYRRHOTITE

    Class : Sulfides and sulfosalts
    Subclass : Sulphides
    Crystal system : Monoclinic
    Chemistry : FeS
    Rarity : Quite common


Pyrrhotite is an hydrothermal mineral common to metal deposits formed at high temperatures. It is a mineral that owes its name to the Greek purrotes (reddish) in reference to its color. Pyrrhotite occurs mainly in skarns (associated with magnetite, wollastonite, sphalerite, chalcopyrite, scheelite, grossular, etc...), in deposits related to basic and ultra-basic rocks (with chalcopyrite, pentlandite, linneite, millerite, platinoids, etc...) and in some sulfidic masses. It is an unstable sulphide under surface conditions and is often a pyrite-marcasite pseudomorh. Pyrrhotite has a metallic luster and a yellow-bronze color with a red or pinkish iridescence, which is frequently expressed by exposure to the air. It occurs in cleavable to granular masses or tabular pseudohexagonal crystals sometimes arranged in rosettes. It is one of the rare magnetic minerals, attractable to the magnet, the intensity of magnetism being inversely proportional to the iron concentration. Pyrrhotite is rare in aesthetic crystallization which makes it a sought-after mineral for collectors, it is also a mineral mainly extracted for the copper, nickel and occasionally platinum minerals it hosts. Pyrrhotite contains only exceptionally enough nickel to form an ore. It was very locally a source of sulfur (Ontario, Canada).

Pyrrhotite in the World

Canadian (Sudbury) and Russian (Norilsk, Dalnegorsk) nickel, copper or platinoid deposits yielded beautiful crystals up to 15 cm (picture on the right). Remarkable crystals of pyrrhotite were produced by the Romanian mines of Herja and Cavnic (main photo), Bosnian (Trepca), Mexican Santa Eulalia (20 cm crystals), Bolivian (20 cm marcasite pseudomorph crystals in Lallagua), and Brazilian (Morro Velho with perfect prisms up to 25 cm).

Pyrrhotite in France

In France crystals of 5 cm were extracted from the Brittany mine of Pontpéan (Ille-et-Vilaine), crystals completely transformed into limonite (up to 4 cm) were also reported to the Combe de la Selle in Isère department.

Twinning and special forms

The {1012} twinning is common for pyrrhotite. It is found in the Goldschmidt figure 3b below for crystals from Elizabethtown, Ontario, Canada. Figures 3c and 3d are presented this same twinning but on synthetic crystals this time. Figure 3a shows a single crystal from the Aeolian Islands (Italy).

New 2009 twinning

A new twinning has been report forward in the collections of the National Museum of Natural History of Luxembourg in January 2009 on a specimen of Santa Eulalia, Mexico. This is a reflection twinning on the {1013} plan. See the article in Le Règne Minéral n ° 90, 47-49. J. Scovil's photo.

Fakes and scams

No fake known for this species.



Hardness : 3.5 to 4
Density : 4.58 to 4.65
Fracture : Sub-conchoidal
Streak : Gray



TP : Opaque
IR : Not measurable
Birefringence : Not measurable
Optical character : -
Pleochroism : None
Fluorescence : None


Solubility : Hydrochloric acid

Magnetism : Ferromagnetic
Radioactivity : None